The expansion of the core industry implies the expansion of output, employment, related investments, as well as new technologies and new industrial sectors. Indirect effects can involve the demand for goods and services by people employed by the core and linked industries supporting the development and expansion of economic activities such as retail and real estate. Core industries can thus have relationships either as customers or as suppliers for linked industries. Direct effects implyВ the core industry is purchasing goods and services from its suppliers (upstream linked industries) or providing goods and services to its customers (downstream linked industries). Core industries can involve a wide variety of sectors such as automotive, aeronautical, agribusiness, electronics, steel, petrochemical, etc. This pole is often characterized by core industries around which linked industries develop, mainly through direct and indirect effects. Singapore, for instance, has one of the world's busiest trading ports, but this would not be possible without its advantageous geography as an island nation between Indonesia and Malaysia.The French economist Perroux outlined in the 1950s that economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region but takes place around a specific pole (or cluster). Rostow assumes that all countries have an equal chance to develop, without regard to population size, natural resources, or location. Finally, Rostow disregards one of the most fundamental geographical principals: site and situation. For example, while Singapore is one of the most economically prosperous countries, it also has one of the highest income disparities in the world. Rostow also assumes that all countries have a desire to develop in the same way, with the end goal of high mass consumption, disregarding the diversity of priorities that each society holds and different measures of development. Later theorists have challenged this approach, emphasizing a 'bottom-up' development paradigm, in which countries become self-sufficient through local efforts, and urban industry is not necessary. Rostow's theory can be classified as 'top-down,' or one that emphasizes a trickle-down modernization effect from urban industry and western influence to develop a country as a whole.

Rostow lays out five succinct steps towards development and critics have cited that all countries do not develop in such a linear fashion some skip steps or take different paths. While Rostow illustrates faith in a capitalist system, scholars have criticized his bias towards a western model as the only path towards development. However, there are many criticisms of his model. Here, a country's economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass production and consumerism.ДЄs the Singapore case shows, Rostow's model still sheds light on a successful path to economic development for some countries. Age of High Mass Consumption: At the time of writing, Rostow believed that Western countries, most notably the United States, occupied this last 'developed' stage.Drive to Maturity: This stage takes place over a long period of time, as standards of living rise, the use of technology increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies.Take-off: Rostow describes this stage as a short period of intensive growth, in which industrialization begins to occur, and workers and institutions become concentrated around a new industry.Preconditions to Take-off: Here, a society begins to develop manufacturing and a more national/international-as opposed to regional-outlook.Traditional Society: This stage is characterized by a subsistent, agricultural-based economy with intensive labor and low levels of trading, and a population that does not have a scientific perspective on the world and technology.

Ap human geo 5 stages of growth